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Cure Sale festival

Rainfall is rare. Scorching heat regularly reaches 50 degrees celsius, even during the coolest part of the year. Land to graze the animals grows scarcer every year as the borders of the desert expand, pushing populations further south. The nomads of Niger live on bare necessities, no room for excess in lifestyle. Taking no more than they need from the land, they depend on its fruits for survival.

In search of the salt cure, Niger’s nomads herd their livestock to an area near InGall, in the region of Agadez in Niger. Here, at the end of the rainy season, naturally occurring mineral salts are found in ground deposits, water or grasses and plants. Feeding on the salty food, cleanses the livestock’s digestive systems of parasites, correcting their mineral deficiencies.

Held annually on the fringes of the Sahara, the vibrant ‘Cure Sale’ festival celebrates local nomadic tradition. The festival, literally meaning ‘Salt Cure’, brings together Niger’s nomadic groups – Tuaregs, Fulani and Arabs. Friends and family members catch up on the news of the past year. Conducting business and barter before they continue their journey back to more fertile regions. The festival is a time to arrange weddings, to strengthen social bonds and to celebrate. InGall is the site selected for the official festival of nomadic culture that attracts dignitaries and tourists from around the world. Smaller versions of these traditional gatherings occur throughout the northern region at the end of the rainy season. Thousands of people come together for this colourful event of ethnic dancing and music, camel racing and exotic beauty contests for men.

The Wodaabe, also known as Bororo, are a small minority belonging to the wider group of the Fulani. The Wodaabe are virtually the only group that have preserved their ancient nomadic tradition. Choosing to live as nomads, the Wodaabe have rejected all efforts to change their way of life. The Wodaabe say that life is made up of suffering and joy — the hardship of the dry season alternates with the happiness of the rainy season. A Wodaabe proverb says “Who cannot bear the smoke will never get to the fire”.

Within the Wodaabe’s polygamous society, the primary union is an arranged marriage within a single lineage, preferably between the children of cousins or brothers. The couple are betrothed early with the marriage rituals that follow stretching out over years. However, Wodaabe also have the right to a ‘love marriage’ leading to more marriages of choice.

A young man, on the lookout for a love marriage, must impress a young girl following the rules of Wodaabe society. He must use refined language, engaging in the act of polite conversation before entering into a relationship. If a young man is too forward or suggestive, the girl may go away and listen to a more polite young man instead!

During the collective Wodaabe gatherings, the Ruume, Borno, Yaake, Moosi, and Jeerewol are danced. The dances are unique – each dance is based in a world of male beauty. It is the men who show off among the Wodaabe. The Yaake dance is a magical beauty contest exhibiting male beauty, attractiveness and love. The Yaake resembles a long parade of men wearing make-up, standing side-by-side. Flashing the whiteness of their eyes and teeth, the men dance like reeds swaying in the wind. The dancers stretch up into the air, yearning to fly like a bird. The air is softly filled with their strange throat vibrations.

Saffron-coloured masks, worn by the dancers, are said to ‘change the person’. Yellow is the colour of magic and transformation. The men’s lipstick is pitch black. Ideally it should come from a special bird found in the bush. This bird gives the young man his ability to vibrate his throat in the proper manner. A phallic symbol, a white ostrich feather, is secured to the turban on the forehead. Only beautiful men dare exhibit themselves. To be beautiful and to make yourself beautiful are virtues in Wodaabe society.

Yaake dancers all try to impress young women. Women stand shyly in a crowd at a distance. They are important participants – the most beautiful man will be decided by a jury of women. The contest values? Elegance, grace and beauty. A Wodaabe proverb says that dance is like war. Dances are like tournaments, ritual battles where ‘warriors’ may die on the battlefield. Dancers nudge their opponents so that they can be better seen by the spectators. News of the magical powers of a certain dancer may spread wide and far.

A ‘love marriage’ may sometimes develop from the dances. Polygamy is acceptable for both men and women. A ‘wife stealing’ may last for a night, few months or a lifetime. If the bond lasts some time, the couple will undergo marriage rituals. The man will be a hero in his own family and clan while his bride’s clan will despise him for their loss of a valuable and pretty young woman.

Danish anthropologist Mette Bovin believes that the Wodaabe are deliberately showing their exoticism with these dances. Bovin, who lived amongst the Wodaabe for several years, believes that in order to remain nomadic pastoralists, the Wodaabe need to constantly fight against pressure to lead a sedentary life in villages or towns. The Wodaabe – through their culture rich dances – are fighting for their nomadic lifestyle not only in Niger but also in neighbouring countries.

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    X
    Image Number: APN26334
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men wait to perform a dance celebrating male beauty at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003 . The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 2860 x 1940
    Media Id: 61_423
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26338
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: A Wodaabe man performs a dance of male beauty, showing off the whiteness of his teeth and eyes at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger onThursday Sept. 25, 2003. The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and are taught from an early age to look into mirrors to consider their appearance. The Wodaabe men perform a dance to compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: portrait
    Pixel Size: 2000 x 3008
    Media Id: 61_108
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Keywords: third world, poverty, colour image , Africa, religion, Islam, Afghan people, ceremony, black African men, rural villages, traditional dress, villagers, ,
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26341
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men perform a dance of male beauty at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003. The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and are taught from an early age to look into mirrors to consider their appearance. The Wodaabe men perform a dance, showing off the whiteness of their teeth and eyes, to compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 3008 x 2000
    Media Id: 61_123
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26366
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men perform a dance of male beauty at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Friday Sept. 26, 2003. The WODAABE, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and are taught from an early age to look into mirrors to consider their appearance. The Wodaabe men perform a dance, showing off the whiteness of their teeth and eyes, to compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 3008 x 2000
    Media Id: 61_385
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26351
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Nomads and animals are seen watching the Wodaabe dance at the Salt Cure festival drawing nomads from all over the region to InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003. The Wodaabe men perform a dance, showing off the whiteness of their teeth and eyes, to compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at the festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 2904 x 1836
    Media Id: 61_536
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Keywords: colour image , crowds, Africa, religion, poverty, third world, camels, Islam, traditional dress, watching, ,
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26361
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: A Wodaabe man performs a dance of male beauty, showing off the whiteness of his teeth and eyes at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Friday Sept. 26, 2003. The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and are taught from an early age to look into mirrors to consider their appearance. The WODAABE men perform a dance to compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: portrait
    Pixel Size: 2000 x 3008
    Media Id: 61_296
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Keywords: third world, traditional dress, colour image , Niger, Africa, black African men, headgear, Wodaabe people, portrait, rural areas, ceremony, ,
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26330
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men preform a demonstration of a dance of male beauty on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003 that they will perform, with other male members of their tribe, at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger. The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 2592 x 1708
    Media Id: 61_132
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Keywords: poverty, colour image , Africa, religion, remote, rural villages, traditional dress, villagers, ceremony, ,
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26335
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men wait to perform a dance celebrating male beauty at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003 . The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: portrait
    Pixel Size: 1848 x 2800
    Media Id: 61_567
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Keywords: poverty, colour image , Africa, religion, remote, rural villages, traditional dress, villagers, ceremony, ,
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26348
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men prepare for a dance that they will perform, with other male members of their tribe, at the Salt Cure festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003 . The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 3008 x 2000
    Media Id: 61_530
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26344
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men perform a dance of male beauty at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003. The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and are taught from an early age to look into mirrors to consider their appearance. The Wodaabe men perform a dance, showing off the whiteness of their teeth and eyes, to compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 2676 x 1804
    Media Id: 61_695
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26332
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men preform a demonstration of a dance of male beauty on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003 that they will perform, with other male members of their tribe, at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger. The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 3008 x 2000
    Media Id: 61_434
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26354
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men prepare to perform a dance of male beauty at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Friday Sept. 26, 2003. The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and are taught from an early age to look into mirrors to consider their appearance. The WODAABE men perform a dance, showing off the whiteness of their teeth and eyes, to compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 3008 x 2000
    Media Id: 61_54
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Keywords: traditional dress, black African men, third world, poverty, colour image , Africa, religion, remote, ,
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26346
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: A Wodaabe man applies make-up to his face in preparation for a dance that he will perform, with other male members of his tribe, at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003 . The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: portrait
    Pixel Size: 2000 x 3008
    Media Id: 61_49
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Keywords: third world, traditional dress, colour image , Niger, Africa, black African men, headgear, Wodaabe people, portrait, rural areas, ceremony, ,
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26342
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men perform a dance of male beauty at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Thursday Sept. 25, 2003. The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and are taught from an early age to look into mirrors to consider their appearance. The Wodaabe men perform a dance, showing off the whiteness of their teeth and eyes, to compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 3008 x 2000
    Media Id: 61_707
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Keywords: religion, Africa, colour image , third world, remote, rural villages, traditional dress, villagers, African culture, culture, traditional African dancing, ,
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

    X
    Image Number: APN26356
    Title: The Cure Salee
    Path: african.pictures / Independent Photographers / Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Description: Wodaabe men examine their appearance in handmirrors at a festival in InGall, near Agadez in Niger on Friday Sept. 26, 2003. The Wodaabe, a nomadic West African tribe, value male beauty and are taught from an early age to look into mirrors to consider their appearance. The Wodaabe men perform a dance, showing off the whiteness of their teeth and eyes, to compete for honour and selection as the most beautiful man by women of the tribe at a festival celebrated at the end of the rainy season. (Photo/Christine Nesbitt)
    Collections: Independent Photographers
    Subcollections: Christine Nesbitt Hills
    Country: Niger
    Location: InGall
    Orientation: landscape
    Pixel Size: 3008 x 2000
    Media Id: 61_262
    Credit: Christine Nesbitt Hills / Independent Photographers / african.pictures
    Keywords: third world, mirrors, Africa, colour image , traditional dress, poverty, ceremony, ,
    Model Release: No
    Property Release: No

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    2. There may be instances where we cannot grant You access to the Personal Information we hold. We may need to refuse access if granting access would interfere with the privacy of others or if it would result in a breach of confidentiality. Should this be the case, we will give You written reasons for any refusal.

Confirm Order

Please confirm that you would like to order a high quality version of this item. Once your order is placed, a request for approval will be sent to the relevant archivist who may respond to you with questions. If your order is approved, you will be notified and the file will be made available for download.

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